Googie-Architecture

Googie architecture ( also known in the United States populuxe terms and Doo - Wop ) is a futuristic architectural style, which was influenced by the early days of the 1930's cars , and since the 1950s, aerospace , and nuclear engineering . The style is considered to have started in earnest in the late 1940s in Southern California , and it continued until the 1960s , at which the post- World War II technology hype up against a normal antibody response. California, this formula was used for the space -themed advertising, canteens , motels and bowling lanes . Eero Saarinen's TWA Flight Center , the airport building is the most serious representatives of this style .
It occurs in the roof and other structures in curved shapes , glass, steel and neon lights paljona uses . Googie brought flying saucers, atoms , etc. The design of satellite dishes . Espoo Haukilahden water tower represents this style. Style Proving muodiksi the United States joined the space race -related propaganda.
In 1949, architect John Lautner designed Googies coffee shop in Los Angeles, Sunset Boulevard and Crescent Heights Street intersection , the building was demolished in 1989. Supplier Douglas Haskell said , " House and Home " magazine did a coffee shop in the early 1950s : "This is Googie architecture. " This coined the term .

Organic Architecture

Organic architecture is one of the most modern architectural styles, which evolved from art nouveau and was the basis, inter alia, the emergence of functionalism. In recent decades, modern architecture has once again introduced a number of key principles of organic architecture.
Style is often the starting point for living nature, offering ideas, aesthetic shapes and structural solutions for the external modes and internal operations to the appropriate planning. Also, the idea that the function (function, practicality) overrides the importance of the shape of the design, presented in the first representatives of the organic architecture, Louis Sullivan leading the way, paving thus functionalism arise.

ARCHITECTURE IN HISTORY organic architecture has not formed its own recognized style of , such as Art Nouveau , functionality , or dekonstruktionism . Even as a concept , it refers to the natural forms of the presence of the building, and there is clearly a part of modernism .

Exemplary is the architect Mies van der Rohe and Hugo Häring discussion . Häring pondered organic curves, produced by problems with the van der Rohe blurted out : " Why do not you use the right angle . After all, it is easy and suitable for all . "

Häring answered, "I make people 's shoes, shoe boxes, I do not ! "

Right angle with the dictatorship of the century has been dominated by urban culture , even if the man himself does not exist right angles , in what is now the architects and the end of economic calculation.

GENERALLY RECOGNIZED Spanish architect Antoni Gaudi sued for a hundred years ago in Barcelona, ​​the force of gravity by moving the wood growth of the idea of ​​the fantastic creations that are still amazing natural manifestations of structural dynamics .

Organic architecture is considered as the father of American Louis H. Sullivan , who invented the high-rise steel structures . His famous sentences form follows function , use the number format , functionalism was also the starting gun .

Sullivan had a deep experience and respect for the natural life forms , and the phrase is its illustration of the diversity . In practice, however, it happens that the amount of money in the form of the most impressive art toughest environment in which we live , and we do our job , you enjoy it or not.

The architecture of the big names such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Alvar Aalto and Le Corbusier , is the prevailing practice , despite the use of organic forms at least a partial starting point . Eero Saarinen in the 1960s , designed the TWA terminal in New York's Kennedy airport is really eloquent . In today's hero Frank Gehry to shine , of course, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao voimamuodoillaan .

RUDOLF STEINER'S MISSION architecture of the human physical forms of outsourcing, gave birth to two Goetheanum . The first was the Art Nouveau, Gaudi -style wooden temple, which had come into the gap . It was replaced by a concrete constructive heavy-duty construction in Basel, Switzerland . Both have been based on a very broad spectrum of anthroposophic institutions in which functionality has created a marvelous shapes all over the world banks, schools. One is in Tampere: Reima and Raili Pietilä Metso Library . Reima Pietilä, stubborn way to create empathy with the old building national metsäriitteihin stand for students to become familiar with .

Austrian Friedensreich Hundertwasser one-man revolution has produced spiraalitaloja and luontoutettuja neighborhoods . Imre Makovecz in Hungary resulted in his office at the time of communism amazing whale's belly chapel and human forms of accommodating creations. The architecture should also be a sculpture !

It is strange that Aalto , Saarinen and Pietiläs lines not found a successor , which means something completely revolutionary new design language . Jan-Erik Andersson has taken an artist to design a different kind of building and obtained the architects and investors excited. After all, even if the people were originally done in-house apartment organically. Tapani Sandviken is Kaustinen Pauanne - creations in the sauna , and the Fiskars developed their own solutions just stone and wood . Marko Kaiponen and Riikka Käppi Toivakka have been recycling the waste of a young couple debt-free circular fairy-tale house in the woods .

Streamline

Streamline Moderne , or the power line was a late branch of Art Deco , which emerged in the 1930s. Architecture and industrial design style of direction was characterized by streamlined curved shapes , horizontality and the glorification of speed and technology.
The aerodynamic streamlined , it was important means of transport, which especially aircraft and ships act as role models . Slowing form of the language was also applied to the stationary buildings and household appliances. The architecture favored horizontal lines and ships by details . Many of the buildings resembled the ocean ships to the golden age lived . The sleek design was most common in industrial and commercial buildings , but it was applied to some extent also in residential buildings.
Product design for cars , home appliances, small radios, furniture , phones and other device manufacturers interested in new design ideas . Streamline design , among others, favored the electric clocks, sewing machines and vacuum cleaners. Wide range of products from refrigerators to pencil sharpeners reminded streamlined vehicles. Preferably used in the manufacture of new materials such as aluminum and bakelite . The sleek design combined with images of wealth , and in front of an exciting future. These hopes were echoed , especially in the American middle class.

Streamline Moderne period reflected the financial condition , apart from that it was a reaction to Art Deco . The recession progresses, the 1930s, designers began to take off Art Deco plant and animal subjects ornaments and began to emphasize clean lines of the movement and flow of feeling and state of the art technology. Everyday objects turned into ultra- modern design and streamlined .
Concrete and glass replaced the exotic wood and kind of rocks . Art Deco with sharp edges was replaced by the aerodynamic curves . As early Art Deco was a futuristic modern and urban as compared to art nouveau . Sleek design was still often accompanied by art deco features, although leading to streamlined planners disgusted by the recent Art Deco fashions of the past , which was in their opinion was outdated and distorted modern .
Also, art deco era of new phenomena , such as the Bauhaus , skyscrapers , ocean, ships, machine functionalism and the romance were important stimuli . The modern urban life , mass production and new technologies such as plastic were also the Art Deco inspiration . There was still a characteristic of art nouveau, arts and crafts , and appreciation of individuality rather than industrial anonymity . Round and geometric shapes referred to more natural forms . In addition, the Art Deco emphasized the glorious luxurious ornamentation and surface pattern in general.
At the same time, Europe 's leading style was functionalism , which had differences in addition to the common features streamline Moderne with . Functionalism also to lower production costs and bring products out of the reach of working people . Straight lines and functionality are , in principle, quite the opposite design principles , but has plenty of features in common . Both inter alia, seek to take into account the expected consumer product design.
The architecture was a common preference for flat roofs , minimalism and ornamentation reduction, plain white walls , ribbon windows and extensive use of glass .
Streamline Moderne and functionalism are probably common features of exemplar from the common Bauhaus . When the Nazis closed the Bauhaus in 1933 , the majority of the teachers moved to the United States, where their ideas were good foundation. Bauhaus was also favored an asymmetrical composition and chrome plating , which became common in the United States.

De Stijl

De Stijl (Dutch = 'style') was mainly a Dutch art movement and group of artists, which was founded in 1917 in Leiden Netherlands, painter and architect Theo van Doesburg. A prominent member of the group was a painter Piet Mondrian.
Group on the 1920's and broke in Van Doesburg's death in 1931. Painting was based on the first neoplastisismille of Neo-Plasticism, later elementarismille. De Stijl in favor of basic shapes, cubes, in particular, the vertical and horizontal directions. In his essay Neo-Plasticism (1920) Piet Mondrian argued that abstract art is the best indicator spiritual values​​. It seemed to functionalism and modernism.
Within the group was also published in the magazine De Stijl, which began to appear in 1917.

Brutalism

Brutalism of concretebrutalism is a modernist architectural trend that developed in the 1950s in response to a low-key modernism. The term was originally born in England. The school flourished 1950-1970 's.
The clean-lined form language and barren , unfinished concrete surfaces are typical of brutalism representative buildings. It is characterized by the use of simplistic concrete structures , and concrete surfaces are rough concrete surface without smoothing treatment. Wall Surfaces and facades visible traces of mold and the surface is left painted.
Architectural Revell is mentioned concretebrutalism Representative and his plans for wells at the street , the City Center of Sausage House as one of its culmination . Also, Järvenpää, the church has been characterized as a style concretebrutalistic  brutalism was also the best-known representatives of the Aarno Rose Mountain . Internationally renowned style is representative of Le Corbusier . Marjatta and Martti Jaatinen the Oulu monumentaalicenter plan won the 1962 city plan design . Here concretebrutalism epresentative was completed , however, only part of the theater and a library.

Bauhaus

Bauhaus was a German architecture and design school .

Time, place, and the resulting context ?
Bauhaus was founded by Walter Gropius in 1919 in Weimar , Germany . The idea behind the Arts and Crafts and Art Merge. In 1925, the school moved to Dessau and Berlin in 1932 . Bauhaus by the Nazis stopped functioning in 1933 , after which the school teachers to spread their ideas , in particular the United States. For example, Lazlo Moholy- Nagy founded in 1937 by the New Bauhaus in Chicago .

Major efforts ?
Bauhaus original aim was to combine the overall architectural design of arts and crafts. Its aim was the collective work of art , combining functionalism and constructivism in particular . Later, the Bauhaus central ambitions rose to the standard product creation. The center of the design was the use of objects for mass production .

Topics ?
Bauhaus can be perceived as key issues in geometric shapes .

Stylistic and technical characteristics ?
Bauhaus architecture was characterized by an asymmetrical composition , cubic shapes , often in the corners protruding flat roofs , ribbon windows , white plaster , and materials such as steel , reinforced concrete , and the use of glass . The form of the language was largely economics -oriented , geometric and simple, color- thought out. Also, industrial arts as important as materials occurred steel and glass . The Bauhaus school was developed by steel tube furniture .

Influences & role models ?
Bauhaus was strongly influenced by the neoplastisism , as well as the constructivist movement in art . It can be calculated from their original state of influential John Ruskin, William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement . In addition, Le Corbuserin functionalist " living machine" work of Bauhaus architecture exemplary.

The subsequent role ?
Bauhaus was a pioneer of modern design and was strongly influenced later European architecture , object design and typography. Bauhaus functionalism, in part, for example, work in parallel , giving it also influences.

Fine ?
Bauhaus art was mainly focused on the geometry and the structure as it was committed to other school taught art forms . Thus, the art work of industrial art and architecture together. The total work of art this idea of ​​visual art was used for wall paintings of buildings and general interior decoration .

Major artists ?
School directed by Walter Gropius (1883-1969) , Hannes Meyer (1889-1954) and the Mies van der Rohe ( 1886-1969 ) . Other school teachers included . Johannes Itten (1888-1967) , Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) , Paul Klee (1879-1940) , Theo van Doesburg (1883-1931) , and Lazlo Moholy- Nagy ( 1895-1946 ) .

A key example of the work ?
Architecture by Walter Gropius : Bauhaus buildings in Dessau ( 1925-1926 ) .

Arts and Crafts : Marcel Breuer : Chrome-plated tubular steel chair ( 1925) .

The historical parallels ?
1919 : Prohibition in the United States comes into force .

1925 : London's first double-deck buses to transport.

1932 : The first Venice Film Festival .

Functionalism

The functionalism of modernist means , the architecture and the art industry, concentrated style. In general, the rational style of architecture has been referred to as the International Style , which in the Nordic region known as functionalism.

Time, place, and the resulting context ?

Especially in Central Europe , the Nordic countries and the Soviet Union flourished functionality is generally scheduled for the years 1925 to 1935 . Germany and the Soviet Union style began to oppose the political conditions of the 1930s , but the rest of the ideas were continued for some time after the heyday of the season . This trend was inspired by the desire to be released from the earlier tradition of architecture .

Major efforts ?

Functionalism an effort to adhere to the idea , which the shape of the building due to its intended use and function , as well as the logical structure of the material.

Topics ?

Functionalism consisted primarily of geometric shapes ideal .

Stylistic and technical characteristics ?

Functionalism were characterized by the reduction and the rejection of ornamentation . The trend of relying on the idea that the buildings had to be only those necessary elements . Functionalism favored for flat roofs , whitewashed smooth wall surfaces and supporting the walls instead of the support frames , which allowed for example, the use of ribbon windows . Building interiors were often open , and the inner walls of the referral. Residential buildings was to light and airiness, a result of which they are often placed in a free environment. Closed block opposition . Urban design focused on the zone of thinking, according to which , eg residential and industrial areas separated from each other.

Influences & role models ?

Functionalism development was influenced by art nouveau architecture , in combination with an advanced steel construction company focusing on the trend, which for example, can be increased to Louis Sullivan's buildings , as well as functionalism pioneers calculated in the early 1900s modern architecture influences: De Stilj Group , Frank Lloyd Wright, Adolf Meyer, Walter Gropius ( Bauhaus ) and Le Corbusier .

The subsequent role ?

Functionality was strongly influenced by particular industrial art and interior design . Sometimes, functionalist architecture was also badly. In particular, the flat roofs are often formed by future generations of impractical solutions.

Fine ?

Functionalism did not show the actual visual art.

Major artists ?

Johannes Duiker (1890-1935)

Hannes Meyer (1889-1954)

Hugo Häring (1882-1958)

Hans Scharoun (1893-1972)

Alvar Aalto (1898-1976)

Aldo van Eyck (1918-1999)

Ralph Erskine ( s.1914 )

A key example of the work ?

Alvar Aalto: Paimio Sanatorium (1932).

The historical parallels ?

1925 : Scopes Trial: Tennessee prohibiting the teaching of evolution .

1935 : Persia changed its name to Iran .

Modern Architecture pt7

Discussion modernism shows how difficult it is to define the precise ideological and

cultural-historical periods. American art critic Robert Hughes points out in his book

The Shock of the New, that such definitions are not like the glass stick that breaks

cleanly raksahtaen. He notes, for example, that you can not mention a specific year

when the Renaissance ended. It's over, yes, but all the same now our culture has

infiltrated remnants of the Renaissance.
Hughes writes that the issue is even more so in the case of modernism, since we are so

close to it. The author's view, the modernist achievements continue to impact our

culture for decades, because they were so big, plush and so undeniably compelling.

Hughes commented that, at least in relationship to modernism raised hopes have become

nostalgic.

Modern Architecture pt6

In his essay painter of modern life (1859-1860) by Charles Baudelaire called the art

of his time to take note of the changes in society . Baudelaire chose the writings in

" MG ", which was a French illustrator Constantin Guys ( 1802-1892 ) . Him , in turn,

was later many modernist artists such as Claude Monet and Schjerfbeck cynosure .

Baudelaire wrote Guys'stä :
"He 's looking for something , what I may say what I would call ' modern ' , a word

which happen to are not available to express this idea . He tends to separate the

fashions of the historicity contained in the poetic , the fleetingness contained in

the eternal . The modern , it is a transient , fleeting , random , it is the

half of art whose other half is the eternal and unchanging. "
Late 1800s, the production created by Friedrich Nietzsche's major anti- modernist

literature was an attempt to break into the rational and systematic thinking behind

the life of the driving forces : irrational elämäntuntoon . Nietzsche also denounced

the Christian faith that it denies the relevance of this side of life .
The emergence of modernism influenced by a number of the early 1900s took place in the

society and culture events : new , revolutionary conceptions of natural and human -

like general science , industrialization and urbanization , as well as the First World

War 1914-1918 . For example, movie, and photo art brought a new way to perceive

reality and also affected , as well as literary , and artistic expression on the way .
Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung brought the debate on targets already Friedrich Nietzsche

and Henri Bergson's activities foreseen by the views of instinct and unconscious

significance of the human rational alleged actions here . They were considered

demonstrated the illusory idea that the individual is able to manage perfectly

rational faculty, Selves and operations. Freud developed psychoanalysis shared the

mental life of three layers - instincts, and instincts to form , the power of life

productive " to "  ,  an active and conscious "myself " ( Ego ), and

mother's vitality productive drive pulses to control , but (and suppression ) "

Overself " ( Superego ) . Psychoanalysis gave modern writers means to understand human

experience.

Modern Architecture pt5

Esimodernismilla purposes of art in the history of the time before modernism.

Premodern and modern concept is compared to the preceding society. The essential

difference is the effect of the industrialization of a society in which Central Europe

was followed by 1700's revolution in agriculture, as well as colonies in the continent

and the country's democratic development.

Modern Architecture pt4

Modernism is often seen as umbrella for all of the early 1900s in the art world

phenomena. Esimodernismi keyword refers to the modernist efforts before 1900 . In

visual arts, the concept of modern art means either a modern or a new art or about the

period 1850 to 1970 . Literary Modernism in literature is usually limited to cover

only the first three decades of the century . For example, the English literary critic

Frank Kermode limit it to cover mainly the period 1907-1925 . The development of

modernism in the peak period is often regarded as the second decade of the century

before the First World War . Virginia Woolf wrote in 1924 :
» December 1910 or thereabouts human nature changed. [... ] All the relationships

between people [... ] changed. And when human relations change, at the same time will

also change to a religion , a way of culture, politics and literature . "
Other researchers point back to the development of modernism of the fiercest period of

the First World War followed the years . Appeared at that time numerous modernist

classics elevated works . Harry Levin , for example regarded as a significant year in

1922 and appeared in , among others, James Joyce's Ulysses , TS Eliot's The Waste Land

, Virginia Woolf Jacob's Room , Eugene O'Neill's Anna Christie, and power, Rilke's

Duino Elegy for . A group of scientists while claiming modernism is still the engine

of Western human thought , and they consider the years between the world wars, the

development of modernism pääkautena .
Post modernism is considered to have started the season in the literature during the

1960's , so some like to call the actual modernism and post- modernism, between

decades (1930 - early 1960s ), late- or post- modernist period of time.

Modern Architecture pt3

Modernism was perhaps most clearly identify the architecture. Modernism in

architecture is a broad term which refers to a number of architectural styles that

resemble each other , the main form of simplification and an ornament rejection, which

occurred initially in approximately 1900 . By the year 1940, these styles were

established and they were identified as an international style of (in english

International Style ) , which became the dominant method of building 1900s for several

decades . Sometimes the Second World War, the post- modernism is called in English the

word High Modern (high modern) , which is the culmination of an era of modernism .
Modern architecture is usually characterized by :
Historical styles ( Historicism ) rejection of the architectural form of the source .
The adoption of the principle that the materials and functional requirements determine

• the result.
• Machine Aesthetics of adoption .
• Ornament rejection .
• Form of simplification and " unnecessary detail " elimination .
• The expressive structure of the adoption .
• Modern architecture in the origin and properties are still subject to interpretation 

and debate , but generally concurs with the fact that the architecture of modernism,

followed by some sort of a reaction to it . Modern architecture, critical to

architects and architectural trends have occurred in a number of different parts of

the world .

Modern Architecture pt2

Modernism is the modern world and the life of art and culture. Action strategy is

often thought of an avant-garde art , avant-garde. The revolutionary modernism, both

in the social and artistic movements often expressed kannattamiaan manifestation of

the principles and ideas , which are usually written statements . Modernism was

characterized by rejection of tradition . Manifests , and the attitudes of the former,

the "old " world or compete with art groups condemned , and often sought to completely

" clean ", " new " and her original form and meaning of the world. Viewed as old

attitudes, forms and structures sought to disperse or dissolve . Modernism was to arts

revolution.
Modernist view, traditional art , literature , society and way of life were so out of

date that they had to be brushed aside and come up with the culture again. Modernism

appreciated the new and that it is good and beautiful. This modernist exemplary

implementation of the campaign in the arts went hand in hand with modernization , and

it was reflected in the Second World War , especially in developing countries, such as

South America or Asia.
Modernism was cast in the power of faith in the idea of ​​technological progress.

Modernism sparked sometimes utopian dreams . According to a Latin American abstract

art of the exhibition entitled " Geometry of Hope " .
While modernism and modern kiss was a lot to artists , including Modernist criticism

began after World War II . A number of trends in art , especially from the 1960s

onwards were often opposing modernism , or antimodernistisia . They criticized one way

or another formalistic aesthetics and modernity .